2014년 9월 29일 월요일
The introduction
The 'transformer' movie is a 2007 American science fiction action film based on the transformer toy line. Interestingly, in film, there are many strange cars which can transform into robots. And the robots actually have the power to protect themselves meaning that they are semi-autonomy. They can think and do something like real humans. As robot technology have been developing, we, human, can not foresee the limits of the robots. Therefore, we can not sure whether the robots would develop like the 'transformer' robot. If robots had the AI(artificial intelligence), the shape of the world would be changed in many respects and people would say it is a AI revolution, following industrial revolution and information revolution. In terms of military, it would also lead to a revolution. However, whether military robot is really effective is must - have discussion. And I don't agree with the idea of military robot.
2014년 9월 22일 월요일
classical argument online
1. The introduction, which warms up the audience, establishes goodwill and rapport with the readers, and announces the general theme or thesis of the argument.
2. The narration, which summarizes relevant background material, provides any information the audience needs to know about the environment and circumstances that produce the argument, and set up the stakes-what’s at risk in this question. In academic writing, this often takes the form of a literature review.
3. The confirmation, which lays out in a logical order (usually strongest to weakest or most obvious to most subtle) the claims that support the thesis, providing evidence for each claim.
4. The refutation and concession, which looks at opposing viewpoints to the writer’s claims, anticipating objections from the audience, and allowing as much of the opposing viewpoints as possible without weakening the thesis.
5. The summation, which provides a strong conclusion, amplifying the force of the argument, and showing the readers that this solution is the best at meeting the circumstances.
2. The narration, which summarizes relevant background material, provides any information the audience needs to know about the environment and circumstances that produce the argument, and set up the stakes-what’s at risk in this question. In academic writing, this often takes the form of a literature review.
3. The confirmation, which lays out in a logical order (usually strongest to weakest or most obvious to most subtle) the claims that support the thesis, providing evidence for each claim.
4. The refutation and concession, which looks at opposing viewpoints to the writer’s claims, anticipating objections from the audience, and allowing as much of the opposing viewpoints as possible without weakening the thesis.
5. The summation, which provides a strong conclusion, amplifying the force of the argument, and showing the readers that this solution is the best at meeting the circumstances.
2014년 9월 15일 월요일
Articulation
1) My argument Human soldier is more effective than military robot.
I want to argue that human soldier is more effective than military robot. In the book called 'the harvard sampler' said that there is something robot cannot follow human. And this asked me a question that nowadays, many nations have made lots of robot soldier for effectiveness. Then which is more effective,,,,human soldiers or robot soldiers? Actually before I research, I argue that military robot is more effective. However, while researching I realize that human soldier is more effective.
2) How I found my argument
At first, I will start the question 1(what robot cannot follow human?). I will search it in not only the 'harvard sampler but other articles. What I want to get information from question 2 is the exact meaning of general robot. And define military robot. So, I will use diverse dictionary. And from question 3 I'll look for charts or graphs of how many nations developed the robot and how much they developed. The question 4 is very very important.From this, I will search for articles as possible. After that, I will choose relatively persuasive articles.
3) New research questions What do you still need to know? What is your research plan?
1.Although the military robot's ability is developing now and be semi-autonomy, what is side effect?
2.How can you connect the disadvantages and advantages of military robots to my argument?
3.Will it be OK just to research the merits and demerits of robots and write my argument?
4) Connections to the Harvard Sampler How is your argument connected to the Harvard Sampler? ANY CONNECTION IS VALID. Please focus on choosing a good argument first, then think about how it is related to the Harvard Sampler. I will help you think of the connection if necessary.
My argument is human soldier is more important than military robot. This has connection to the Harvard Sampler. In the book, it said what robots can not follow human. Things can be motor control, brain, etc.. Nowadays, many nations have developed military robots. And this asked me a question : Is military robot really better than human soldier? On basis of the Harvard Sampler, I think, there are some limits of military robot.
NOTE: Here I connected the argument to all 4 Harvard Sampler topics. THIS IS NOT NECESSARY. You only need to connect it to one, but can connect it to more if you want.
I want to argue that human soldier is more effective than military robot. In the book called 'the harvard sampler' said that there is something robot cannot follow human. And this asked me a question that nowadays, many nations have made lots of robot soldier for effectiveness. Then which is more effective,,,,human soldiers or robot soldiers? Actually before I research, I argue that military robot is more effective. However, while researching I realize that human soldier is more effective.
2) How I found my argument
At first, I will start the question 1(what robot cannot follow human?). I will search it in not only the 'harvard sampler but other articles. What I want to get information from question 2 is the exact meaning of general robot. And define military robot. So, I will use diverse dictionary. And from question 3 I'll look for charts or graphs of how many nations developed the robot and how much they developed. The question 4 is very very important.From this, I will search for articles as possible. After that, I will choose relatively persuasive articles.
3) New research questions What do you still need to know? What is your research plan?
1.Although the military robot's ability is developing now and be semi-autonomy, what is side effect?
2.How can you connect the disadvantages and advantages of military robots to my argument?
3.Will it be OK just to research the merits and demerits of robots and write my argument?
4) Connections to the Harvard Sampler How is your argument connected to the Harvard Sampler? ANY CONNECTION IS VALID. Please focus on choosing a good argument first, then think about how it is related to the Harvard Sampler. I will help you think of the connection if necessary.
My argument is human soldier is more important than military robot. This has connection to the Harvard Sampler. In the book, it said what robots can not follow human. Things can be motor control, brain, etc.. Nowadays, many nations have developed military robots. And this asked me a question : Is military robot really better than human soldier? On basis of the Harvard Sampler, I think, there are some limits of military robot.
NOTE: Here I connected the argument to all 4 Harvard Sampler topics. THIS IS NOT NECESSARY. You only need to connect it to one, but can connect it to more if you want.
2014년 9월 8일 월요일
wrong first draft(it's just my reference essay..)
What is actually more efficient Human solider or robot soldiers?
Imagine that you were a robot engineer, what do you want to do with your ability? Actually, the application field of robot technology is various. However, some people thought about the military robot. Military robots date back to world war 2 and the Cold War in the form of the German Goliath tracked mines and the Soviet teletank. The U.S.Military is now investing heavily in research and development towards testing and deploying increasingly automated systems. The most prominent system currently in use is the unmanned aerail vehicle (IAI Pioneer& RQ-1 Predator) which can be armed with Air-to-ground missiles and remotely operated from a command center in reconnaissance roles. DARPA has hosted competitions in 2004 & 2005 to involve private companies and universities to develop unmanned ground vehicles to navigate through rough terrain in the Mojave Desert for a final prize of 2 Million. Not only U.S military but also other nations are now starting to research this field.
In the book called 'the harvard sampler' said that there is something robot cannot follow human. And I research about them too. According to science news, It talks about what robot can not follow human. Firstly, mimicking evolution in the physical manifestation is hard. What tends to happen is natural systems have lots of little joints, lots of little muscles which pull and tug and make the motion. And if you start introducing that many joints and that many motors in a synthetic thing, your cost goes up exponentially as complexity keeps growing. At the same time, the reliability goes down. If any single joint fails, your whole thing is going to fail. So that makes it very hard to mimic nature.
On the brain side of things, it is also hard. A lot of us teach ourselves how to reason, how to think, how to analyze new information and make sense of it. This has been very difficult for robots to be able to do. So people will try to program different contexts and different scenarios for what a robot should do, but that way of doing it is simply not scalable. You don’t have enough time and manpower to code up all the possible scenarios that a robot would encounter and what it should be doing. People have made very small steps toward reasoning and learning, but in general robots do not yet know how to learn.
And this asked me a question that nowadays, many nations have made lots of robot soldier for effectiveness. In this book, however, there is something robot can not follow human. Then which is more effective,,,,human soldiers or robot soldiers? In conclusion, before I tell you why, I disagree to the military robot. Before argument, let me show you some information about robot, military robot and also the advantages and disadvantages of robot which is battle field nowadays.
-1-
There are many definition of robots. According to Doosan dictionary, it says that robot is The machine that automatically process or work the given tasks by the itself retained ability. Also, according to the Oxford dictionary, it says that robot is a machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically, especially one programmable by a computer And, according to the Wikipedia, A robot is an automatic mechanical device often resembling a human or animal. According to a dictionary, it says the characteristics of robot. Firstly, robot should work or help out human. Secondly, work automatically Lastly, react itself to the surroundings.
And there is few definitions of military robot. According to Wikipedia, military robots are autonomous robots or remote-controlled devices designed for military applications. Such systems are currently being researched by a number of military.
Then let us see the advantages of military robot. There are generally three reasons ; life saving and capability.
Firstly, The first major advantage and most important of robots is that they are capable of performing duties similar to human duties without the actual danger to human lives. These robots are easily replaceable at a cost, unlike human life.There fore, more and more robots are consistently being created and used during many missions. For example, when the U.S. invaded Iraq there was no robotics used during ground invasions. A short time later in 2004, there was 150 robots used on the ground. A year later, 2,400 and by the year of 2008 there were over 12,000 seen on the ground (Singer, 2009). This should go to show how effective the use of robots is in the military.
Another advantage of robots is that they come in various sizes. Some robots are able to fit into spaces that are not easily accessible for humans. Tight, dark spaces are common and robots are a perfect fit for the task. Also the advantages include using military robots not only to disarm bombs and weapons, but to hold and fire. The “MULE”, a medium sized Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) is used on the battlefield for recon and crowd control ("Military robots: military," 2010). Also consistent with the “Gladiator and SWORDS,” these robots are able to obtain and terminate any threats that become present ("Military robots: military," 2010). They are also equipped with machine gun like features that make these medium sized robots appear to be a small army.
Then, let us see the disadvantages of military robot. Generally, the two big reasons are lack of judgement and cost of creating them.
Firstly, there is a question of an ethical question. Will robot fighters be able to distinguishing between enemy troops and innocent civilians? Must robot fighters do this perfectly or is it enough if they merely make good decisions more often than human soldiers? In 2009, academics and technical professionals met and held a conference together to talk about the possibility of robots being able to become self – sustained ("Military robots," 2011). In other words, these professionals were worried about military robots being able to make choices on their own without human influence. There is no answer yet. However, This possibility has led to a lot of questioning in military robots.
Another disadvantage of military robots would be the cost of creating them. According to the U.S. Department of Defense, Military Funding has increased from $316 billion in 2001 to $671 billion in 2010 (Shah, 2011). The U.S. defense percentages show more than half of all spending; others include health, education, which accommodate for only an eighth of that percentage (Shah, 2011). A lot of this money is coming out of the income taxes that are collected by the government from its citizens, otherwise these can be used for other more important fields.
Until now, we have learned the definition, advantages and disadvantages of military robot. The issue on military robot is important because many nations now start to research this field and this would conclude our future war. Of course, there are some merits of military robot. However, there are also some questions of using this. And I disagree to military robot too. There are three reasons ; lack of judgment, possibility to be insensitive to the war and lack of capability.
Firstly, it lacks judgment compared to human soldiers. The use of military robotics has its peaks with saving lives, but what happens when technology is so rapidly changing that more and more types of robots are being created. For example, in years to come there will be all different types of new military production. Experts have jotted that some robots have acquired several forms of semi-autonomy, which includes the ability to find power sources on their own and the ability to select target to attack independently. The difference between human and robot is whether they can think and distinguish right from wrong. Although the military robot's ability is developing now and be semi-autonomy, it can create side effect.(어떤 부작용인지)
Secondly, we could be insensitive to the war. According to P. W. Singer, he once interviewed a drone pilot. And he said that “What one Predator drone pilot described of his experience fighting in the Iraq war while never leaving Nevada: ‘You’re going to war for 12 hours, shooting weapons at targets, directing kills on enemy combatants. Then you get in the car and you drive home, and within 20 minutes you’re sitting at the dinner table talking to your kids about their homework.’” If soldiers are using the military robot instead of human continuously, they think war is just a game to play and become insensitive.
Lastly, however they developed, there are limits that robot can not follow human : delicate physical manifestation, human brain. Even though they are developing, they lack of creativity and adaptation to changing situation. In war, there is many unsuspected variables. And it requires creativity and adaptation. However, robot does not have it. In battlefield, therefore, military robot could be ineffective.
In conclusion, I disagree to the military robot. It has deficient judgment and practical ability and also we could be insensitive to the war. Of course, I concede to the life saving side. However, it is the tip of an iceberg. We have to consider other practical and long-sighted thing.
Fourth Research
My topic
: Human soldiers are more effective than military robots.
What I want to learn from this sources
: the Advantages of military robot Sources
: https://sites.google.com/a/cortland.edu/military-robots/home
http://www.armyofrobots.com/effects-and-impact-of-military.html
Notes
*Advantages of military robot
The impact and advantages of military robot use are often “lifesaving.” The first major advantage and most important of robots is that they are capable of performing duties similar to human duties without the actual danger to human lives ("Military robots," 2011). These robots are easily replaceable at a cost, unlike human life. Robots can also endure damage done by bombs or other types of weaponry that would otherwise destroy the human body. Without robots how would bombs be detonated? Also how could our government spy on other nations without being seen? These are a few things to think about and how robots are changing the world a giant step at a time.More robots are consistently being created and used during many missions. For example, when the U.S. invaded Iraq there was no robotics used during ground invasions. A short time later in 2004, there was 150 robots used on the ground. A year later, 2,400 and by the year of 2008 there were over 12,000 seen on the ground (Singer, 2009). This should go to show how effective the use of robots is in the military. Another advantage of robots is that they come in various sizes. Some robots are able to fit into spaces that are not easily accessible for humans. Tight, dark spaces are common and robots are a perfect fit for the task. Other advantages include using robots not only to disarm bombs and weapons, but to hold and fire. The “MULE”, a medium sized Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) is used on the battlefield for recon and crowd control ("Military robots: military," 2010). Also consistent with the “Gladiator and SWORDS,” these robots are able to obtain and terminate any threats that become present ("Military robots: military," 2010). They are also equipped with machine gun like features that make these medium sized robots appear to be a small army.
:There are generally two reasons ; life saving and capability.
: Human soldiers are more effective than military robots.
What I want to learn from this sources
: the Advantages of military robot Sources
: https://sites.google.com/a/cortland.edu/military-robots/home
http://www.armyofrobots.com/effects-and-impact-of-military.html
Notes
*Advantages of military robot
The impact and advantages of military robot use are often “lifesaving.” The first major advantage and most important of robots is that they are capable of performing duties similar to human duties without the actual danger to human lives ("Military robots," 2011). These robots are easily replaceable at a cost, unlike human life. Robots can also endure damage done by bombs or other types of weaponry that would otherwise destroy the human body. Without robots how would bombs be detonated? Also how could our government spy on other nations without being seen? These are a few things to think about and how robots are changing the world a giant step at a time.More robots are consistently being created and used during many missions. For example, when the U.S. invaded Iraq there was no robotics used during ground invasions. A short time later in 2004, there was 150 robots used on the ground. A year later, 2,400 and by the year of 2008 there were over 12,000 seen on the ground (Singer, 2009). This should go to show how effective the use of robots is in the military. Another advantage of robots is that they come in various sizes. Some robots are able to fit into spaces that are not easily accessible for humans. Tight, dark spaces are common and robots are a perfect fit for the task. Other advantages include using robots not only to disarm bombs and weapons, but to hold and fire. The “MULE”, a medium sized Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) is used on the battlefield for recon and crowd control ("Military robots: military," 2010). Also consistent with the “Gladiator and SWORDS,” these robots are able to obtain and terminate any threats that become present ("Military robots: military," 2010). They are also equipped with machine gun like features that make these medium sized robots appear to be a small army.
Effects And Impact Of Military Robots
For the last few decades, robots are becoming very popular and common in military organizations. There are many military robots used by military organizations; these robots take many risky jobs that cannot be done by human. It would be interesting to know the effects and impact of military robots. Here, in this article we share brief information regarding the effects and impact of robots in military.
First of all we will discuss about some advantages of military robots. There are many advantages of these robots as compare to human soldier. One of the most important things about these robots is that they have the capability to perform missions remotely in the field, without any actual danger to human lives. This shows a great impact of military robots. These robots are in fact sturdier and more capable of withstanding damage than human. Therefore they give greater chances of success in dangerous environment. Whenever, a robot is shot down, the military simply roll out a new one.
Final thoughts :There are generally two reasons ; life saving and capability.
Third Research
My topic
: Human soldiers are more effective than military robots.
What I want to learn from this source
:How many nations have made military robots now
Notes
Before researching this, I have known that tank, or bomb can also be the military robot. Therefore, I'll change the meaning of the question a little bit. It means that now how many nations have developed the military robot? and how much they are developing it.
*I was trying to research the chart or the graph of some countries robot development eagerly. To my disappointment, however, I could not find it.
But all relevant articles say that U.S military has led to the development of it. Actually, the ultimate purpose of this question is to know how the nation use the military robot. Therefore, though I can not find the exact data, I accomplish the ultimate purpose.
Final thoughts
: As a results, I could not find the files. But I could realize many nations are now trying to make and develop military robots while researching.
: Human soldiers are more effective than military robots.
What I want to learn from this source
:How many nations have made military robots now
Notes
Before researching this, I have known that tank, or bomb can also be the military robot. Therefore, I'll change the meaning of the question a little bit. It means that now how many nations have developed the military robot? and how much they are developing it.
*I was trying to research the chart or the graph of some countries robot development eagerly. To my disappointment, however, I could not find it.
But all relevant articles say that U.S military has led to the development of it. Actually, the ultimate purpose of this question is to know how the nation use the military robot. Therefore, though I can not find the exact data, I accomplish the ultimate purpose.
Final thoughts
: As a results, I could not find the files. But I could realize many nations are now trying to make and develop military robots while researching.
Second Research
my topic
*General robot
: Human soldiers are more effective than military robots.
What I want to learn from these sources
: What is the difference between the general robot and military robot.(defintion)
notes*General robot
첫째, 로봇은 인간을 대신해서 일을 하거나 도움을 주어야 해. 둘째, 자동 장치로 움직여야 해. 마지막으로는 주변의 상황에 스스로 반응해야 해
Firstly, robot should work or help out human. Secondly, work automatically Lastly, react itself to the surroundings.
[네이버 지식백과] 로봇 - 인간을 꿈꾸는 로봇 (시사논술 개념사전, 2010.5.14, (주)북이십일 아울북)
스스로 보유한 능력에 의해 주어진 일을 자동으로 처리하거나 작동하는 기계.
The machine that automatically process or work the given tasks by the itself retained ability.
[네이버 지식백과] 로봇 [robot] (두산백과)
A machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically, especially one programmable by a computer:-Oxford dictionary
A robot is an automatic mechanical device often resembling a human or animal.-wikipedia
*military robot
First Research
Source : https://www.sciencenews.org/article/we-robot-what-real-life-machines-can-and-can%E2%80%99t-do
:http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/robot-learning/
:http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/events/hotseat/dylan_position.pdf
My topic
: human soldiers are more effective than military robots.
What I hope to learn from this source
: What is something robot can not follow human
Notes :
:http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/robot-learning/
:http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/events/hotseat/dylan_position.pdf
My topic
: human soldiers are more effective than military robots.
What I hope to learn from this source
: What is something robot can not follow human
Notes :
Isn’t it hard to mimic what was created by billions of years of evolution?
Yes, at both levels. Mimicking evolution in the physical manifestation is hard. What tends to happen is natural systems have lots of little joints, lots of little muscles which pull and tug and make the motion. And if you start introducing that many joints and that many motors in a synthetic thing, your cost goes up exponentially as complexity keeps growing. At the same time, the reliability goes down. If any single joint fails, your whole thing is going to fail. So that makes it very hard to mimic nature.
Yes, at both levels. Mimicking evolution in the physical manifestation is hard. What tends to happen is natural systems have lots of little joints, lots of little muscles which pull and tug and make the motion. And if you start introducing that many joints and that many motors in a synthetic thing, your cost goes up exponentially as complexity keeps growing. At the same time, the reliability goes down. If any single joint fails, your whole thing is going to fail. So that makes it very hard to mimic nature.
On the brain side of things, it is also very, very hard. A lot of us teach ourselves how to reason, how to think, how to analyze new information and make sense of it. This has been very difficult for robots to be able to do. So people will try to program different contexts and different scenarios for what a robot should do, but that way of doing it is simply not scalable. You don’t have enough time and manpower to code up all the possible scenarios that a robot would encounter and what it should be doing. People have made very small steps toward reasoning and learning, but in general robots do not yet know how to learn.
Final Thoughts
: mimicking evolution in the physical manifestation is hard.
On the brain side of things,
how to reason, how to think, how to analyze new information and make sense of it.
: mimicking evolution in the physical manifestation is hard.
On the brain side of things,
how to reason, how to think, how to analyze new information and make sense of it.
2014년 9월 1일 월요일
Research Proposal
6. Nowadays, many nations have made lots of robot soldier for effectiveness. In this book, however, there is something robot can not follow human. Then what is more effective,,,,human soldiers or robot soldiers?
1.What is my current topic?
*Explain the topic you want to research. What do you think your final persuasive essay will be about? Add as much detail as you can*
1.Firstly, I want to research something robot can not follow human.
Secondly, I want to know the difference between the general robot and military robot.(I want to know whether tanks or bombs can be the military robot.)
Thirdly, I want to know how many nations have made military robot now.
fourthly, I want to know what is the merits and demerits of human soldier.
Lastly, I want to know what is the merits and demerits of military soldier.
I think my final persuasive essay will be about 'what is your choice.. human soldiers or robot soldiers'.
2.What are my guiding questions?
*What questions are you curious about? What do you want to know? What questions do you think your reader will have?*
2.
1) What is something robot can not follow human.
2) What is the difference between the general robot and military robot.( the definition)
3) How many nations have made military robot now?
4) What is the merits and demerits of military soldier?
3.What are my current thoughts?
*What do you already know about your topic? What are your opinions? What do you want to persuade people of?*
3. I think military robot will be more effective
There will be much less death of human.
There are no limits of the development of robots. but human has the limit
The operation will be more accurate and less errors.
What is the opposition?
1.What is my current topic?
*Explain the topic you want to research. What do you think your final persuasive essay will be about? Add as much detail as you can*
1.Firstly, I want to research something robot can not follow human.
Secondly, I want to know the difference between the general robot and military robot.(I want to know whether tanks or bombs can be the military robot.)
Thirdly, I want to know how many nations have made military robot now.
fourthly, I want to know what is the merits and demerits of human soldier.
Lastly, I want to know what is the merits and demerits of military soldier.
I think my final persuasive essay will be about 'what is your choice.. human soldiers or robot soldiers'.
2.What are my guiding questions?
*What questions are you curious about? What do you want to know? What questions do you think your reader will have?*
2.
1) What is something robot can not follow human.
2) What is the difference between the general robot and military robot.( the definition)
3) How many nations have made military robot now?
4) What is the merits and demerits of military soldier?
3.What are my current thoughts?
*What do you already know about your topic? What are your opinions? What do you want to persuade people of?*
3. I think military robot will be more effective
There will be much less death of human.
There are no limits of the development of robots. but human has the limit
The operation will be more accurate and less errors.
What is the opposition?
*What will your opponents say? What is the common belief that you are arguing against? What counterarguments do you anticipate?*
1. people will be able to feel that the war is just a play.
2. Many soldiers will have difficulty finding their other jobs.
3. There is something robot can not do.
4.
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