wrong first draft(it's just my reference essay..)

What is actually more efficient Human solider or robot soldiers?

Imagine that you were a robot engineer, what do you want to do with your ability? Actually, the application field of robot technology is various. However, some people thought about the military robot. Military robots date back to world war 2 and the Cold War in the form of the German Goliath tracked mines and the Soviet teletank. The U.S.Military is now investing heavily in research and development towards testing and deploying increasingly automated systems. The most prominent system currently in use is the unmanned aerail vehicle (IAI Pioneer& RQ-1 Predator) which can be armed with Air-to-ground missiles and remotely operated from a command center in reconnaissance roles. DARPA has hosted competitions in 2004 & 2005 to involve private companies and universities to develop unmanned ground vehicles to navigate through rough terrain in the Mojave Desert for a final prize of 2 Million. Not only U.S military but also other nations are now starting to research this field.

In the book called 'the harvard sampler' said that there is something robot cannot follow human. And I research about them too. According to science news, It talks about what robot can not follow human. Firstly, mimicking evolution in the physical manifestation is hard. What tends to happen is natural systems have lots of little joints, lots of little muscles which pull and tug and make the motion. And if you start introducing that many joints and that many motors in a synthetic thing, your cost goes up exponentially as complexity keeps growing. At the same time, the reliability goes down. If any single joint fails, your whole thing is going to fail. So that makes it very hard to mimic nature.

On the brain side of things, it is also hard. A lot of us teach ourselves how to reason, how to think, how to analyze new information and make sense of it. This has been very difficult for robots to be able to do. So people will try to program different contexts and different scenarios for what a robot should do, but that way of doing it is simply not scalable. You don’t have enough time and manpower to code up all the possible scenarios that a robot would encounter and what it should be doing. People have made very small steps toward reasoning and learning, but in general robots do not yet know how to learn.

And this asked me a question that nowadays, many nations have made lots of robot soldier for effectiveness. In this book, however, there is something robot can not follow human. Then which is more effective,,,,human soldiers or robot soldiers? In conclusion, before I tell you why, I disagree to the military robot. Before argument, let me show you some information about robot, military robot and also the advantages and disadvantages of robot which is battle field nowadays.

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There are many definition of robots. According to Doosan dictionary, it says that robot is The machine that automatically process or work the given tasks by the itself retained ability. Also, according to the Oxford dictionary, it says that robot is a machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically, especially one programmable by a computer And, according to the Wikipedia, A robot is an automatic mechanical device often resembling a human or animal. According to a dictionary, it says the characteristics of robot. Firstly, robot should work or help out human. Secondly, work automatically Lastly, react itself to the surroundings.

And there is few definitions of military robot. According to Wikipedia, military robots are autonomous robots or remote-controlled devices designed for military applications. Such systems are currently being researched by a number of military.

Then let us see the advantages of military robot. There are generally three reasons ; life saving and capability.

Firstly, The first major advantage and most important of robots is that they are capable of performing duties similar to human duties without the actual danger to human lives. These robots are easily replaceable at a cost, unlike human life.There fore, more and more robots are consistently being created and used during many missions. For example, when the U.S. invaded Iraq there was no robotics used during ground invasions. A short time later in 2004, there was 150 robots used on the ground. A year later, 2,400 and by the year of 2008 there were over 12,000 seen on the ground (Singer, 2009). This should go to show how effective the use of robots is in the military.

Another advantage of robots is that they come in various sizes. Some robots are able to fit into spaces that are not easily accessible for humans. Tight, dark spaces are common and robots are a perfect fit for the task. Also the advantages include using military robots not only to disarm bombs and weapons, but to hold and fire. The “MULE”, a medium sized Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) is used on the battlefield for recon and crowd control ("Military robots: military," 2010). Also consistent with the “Gladiator and SWORDS,” these robots are able to obtain and terminate any threats that become present ("Military robots: military," 2010). They are also equipped with machine gun like features that make these medium sized robots appear to be a small army.

Then, let us see the disadvantages of military robot. Generally, the two big reasons are lack of judgement and cost of creating them.

Firstly, there is a question of an ethical question. Will robot fighters be able to distinguishing between enemy troops and innocent civilians? Must robot fighters do this perfectly or is it enough if they merely make good decisions more often than human soldiers? In 2009, academics and technical professionals met and held a conference together to talk about the possibility of robots being able to become self – sustained ("Military robots," 2011). In other words, these professionals were worried about military robots being able to make choices on their own without human influence. There is no answer yet. However, This possibility has led to a lot of questioning in military robots.

Another disadvantage of military robots would be the cost of creating them. According to the U.S. Department of Defense, Military Funding has increased from $316 billion in 2001 to $671 billion in 2010 (Shah, 2011). The U.S. defense percentages show more than half of all spending; others include health, education, which accommodate for only an eighth of that percentage (Shah, 2011). A lot of this money is coming out of the income taxes that are collected by the government from its citizens, otherwise these can be used for other more important fields.

Until now, we have learned the definition, advantages and disadvantages of military robot. The issue on military robot is important because many nations now start to research this field and this would conclude our future war. Of course, there are some merits of military robot. However, there are also some questions of using this. And I disagree to military robot too. There are three reasons ; lack of judgment, possibility to be insensitive to the war and lack of capability.

Firstly, it lacks judgment compared to human soldiers. The use of military robotics has its peaks with saving lives, but what happens when technology is so rapidly changing that more and more types of robots are being created. For example, in years to come there will be all different types of new military production. Experts have jotted that some robots have acquired several forms of semi-autonomy, which includes the ability to find power sources on their own and the ability to select target to attack independently. The difference between human and robot is whether they can think and distinguish right from wrong. Although the military robot's ability is developing now and be semi-autonomy, it can create side effect.(어떤 부작용인지)

Secondly, we could be insensitive to the war. According to P. W. Singer, he once interviewed a drone pilot. And he said that “What one Predator drone pilot described of his experience fighting in the Iraq war while never leaving Nevada: ‘You’re going to war for 12 hours, shooting weapons at targets, directing kills on enemy combatants. Then you get in the car and you drive home, and within 20 minutes you’re sitting at the dinner table talking to your kids about their homework.’” If soldiers are using the military robot instead of human continuously, they think war is just a game to play and become insensitive.

Lastly, however they developed, there are limits that robot can not follow human : delicate physical manifestation, human brain. Even though they are developing, they lack of creativity and adaptation to changing situation. In war, there is many unsuspected variables. And it requires creativity and adaptation. However, robot does not have it. In battlefield, therefore, military robot could be ineffective.

In conclusion, I disagree to the military robot. It has deficient judgment and practical ability and also we could be insensitive to the war. Of course, I concede to the life saving side. However, it is the tip of an iceberg. We have to consider other practical and long-sighted thing.